Enlargement of canopy gaps associated with a fungal pathogen in Yosemite Valley, California

نویسندگان

  • D. M. Rizzo
  • G. W. Slaughter
  • J. R. Parmeter
چکیده

The enlargement of 21 canopy gaps associated with the root pathogen Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. (; Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst.) in the mixed-conifer forest of Yosemite Valley was monitored between 1971 and 1998. Mean expanded gap area was 232 m2 (range 38–802 m2) in 1971 and 1455 m2 (range 150–4216 m2) in 1998. The pathogen is primarily spread among trees via root contacts; therefore, the spread and impact of H. annosum from the stump(s) where infection originated (gap makers) were characterized by describing the area of potential root contact as a variable-area plot. The potential root contact zone delineated the area that would be encompassed by mortality if all trees potentially in contact with the original gap makers had died. Of the 21 plots, the actual area of tree mortality exceeded the potential root contact zone in only two gaps. Enlargement rates around gap perimeters were uneven, ranging from 0 to 1.33 m/year. Incense-cedars (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) tended to die more slowly than ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), often 10–30 years after adjacent pines had died. Gap enlargement was not dependent on host density, basal area, or gap-maker diameter, and tended to stabilize over time, probably because of fungal competition in root wood and lack of sufficient suitable host material along gap margins. Résumé : L’expansion de 21 trouées associées au champignon pathogène des racines, Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.:Fr.) Bref. (; Fomes annosus (Fr.) Karst.), dans la forêt résineuse mixte de la vallée de la Yosemite a été suivie entre 1971 et 1998. L’expansion moyenne des trouées était de 232 m2 (étendue allant de 38 à 802 m2) en 1971 et de 1455 m2 (étendue allant de 150 à 4216 m2) en 1998. Le champignon pathogène s’étend chez les arbres principalement via les contacts racinaires. Par conséquent, la progression et l’impact de H. annosum à partir de la souche où avait débuté l’infection (la cause de la trouée) ont été caractérisés en décrivant la zone potentielle de contacts racinaires comme une parcelle de superficie variable. La zone potentielle de contacts racinaires délimitait la superficie où il y aurait de la mortalité si tous les arbres potentiellement en contact avec la souche à l’origine de la trouée avaient été tués. La zone réelle de mortalité des arbres a dépassé la zone potentielle de contacts racinaires dans seulement deux des 21 trouées. Le taux d’expansion autour du périmètre des trouées était variable, allant de 0 à 1,33 m·a–1. Les libocèdres à encens (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin) avaient tendance à mourir plus lentement que les pins ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.), souvent 10 à 30 ans après que les pins adjacents aient été tués. L’expansion des trouées était reliée ni à la densité des hôtes, ni à la surface terrière, ni au diamètre de la souche où avait débuté l’infection et avait tendance à se stabiliser avec le temps, probablement à cause de la compétition fongique dans le bois des racines et de l’absence d’hôtes convenables en quantité suffisante à la marge des trouées. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Rizzo et al. 1510

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تاریخ انتشار 2000